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  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4.                                                                                
  5.                                                                                 
  6.                                   SUPERCOMPUTER BACKGROUND
  7.              
  8.              WHAT ARE SUPERCOMPUTERS?
  9.  
  10.         ááááá     Supercompute≥á system≤á generall∙ arσ acknowledgeΣ t∩á bσá thσ ì
  11.         áááááworld'≤áá mos⌠á powerfu∞á anΣá fastes⌠á general-purposσá scientifiπ ì
  12.         ááááácomputers«á Thei≥ rapiΣ processinτ speed≤ anΣ largσ memorie≤ enablσ ì
  13.         áááááscientist≤ anΣ engineer≤ t∩ conduc⌠ researcΦ anΣ solvσ problem≤á iε ì
  14.         áááááßá ne≈á way║á usinτ Supercompute≥ systems¼á researcher≤á caεá mode∞ ì
  15.         ááááácomple° physica∞ structure≤ anΣ processe≤ mathematically.
  16.  
  17.  
  18.         ááááá     Compute≥á model≤á acceleratσ thσ stud∙ oµ phenomenß to∩á time-ì
  19.         áááááconsuming¼á dangerous¼á o≥á expensivσ t∩ stud∙á directly«á AlthougΦ ì
  20.         áááááconventiona∞á computer≤á caεá bσá useΣá fo≥á modeling¼áá real-worlΣ ì
  21.         áááááproblem≤ arσ ofteε to∩ largσ fo≥ them« Thei≥ slo≈ processinτ speed≤ ì
  22.         áááááanΣ smal∞ memorie≤ caε requirσ days¼ weeks¼ month≤ o≥ eveε year≤ t∩ ì
  23.         áááááruε ß realistiπ model.
  24.  
  25.         ááááá     Bu⌠á Supercomputer≤á providσ thσ rapiΣ processinτ anΣá massivσ ì
  26.         ááááástoragσ tha⌠ researcher≤ need«á Largσ three-dimensiona∞ model≤ witΦ ì
  27.         áááááman∙á interactinτ variable≤ caε bσ ruε iε ß practica∞ timeframσá oε ì
  28.         ááááátoday'≤ Supercomputers« Thσ extraordinar∙ processinτ capacitie≤ of
  29.         áááááSupercomputer≤ havσ madσ theφ ß standarΣ fo≥  state-of-the-ar⌠ ì
  30.         áááááresearcΦá iε mos⌠ oµ thσ oµ thσ industria∞ anΣ emerginτá industria∞ ì
  31.         ááááánation≤ worldwide.
  32.  
  33.         ááááá     A≤ oµ 1986¼ ove≥ 24░ Supercompute≥ system≤ havσ beeε installeΣ ì
  34.         áááááworldwide¼á witΦ installation≤ iε thσ UniteΣ States¼ Japan¼ Canada¼ ì
  35.         áááááTaiwan¼á Australia¼á UniteΣ Kingdom¼á France¼ Germany¼ Switzerland¼ ì
  36.         áááááItaly¼á Ab⌡ Dhabi¼á Arabia¼á Norway¼á Sweden¼á anΣ Thσ Netherlands« ì
  37.         áááááCountrie≤á tha⌠á havσá placeΣ order≤á fo≥á Supercomputer≤á include║ ì
  38.         áááááIndia¼á Indonesia¼á Thσ People'≤ Republiπ oµ China¼ Brazil¼ Mexico¼ ì
  39.         áááááSoutΦ Africa¼ Thailand¼ Singapore¼ Belgium¼ Denmark, anΣ Finland.
  40.  
  41.         áááááSUPERCOMPUTER USES AND APPLICATIONS
  42.  
  43.         ááááá     Thσá followinτá describe≤ establisheΣ use≤ oµá Supercomputers« ì
  44.         áááááWhilσá thesσ use≤ continuσ t∩ bσ refined¼á man∙ ne≈ one≤ arσá beinτ ì
  45.         áááááexploreΣá anΣ developed«á Amonτ newe≥ applications¼á Supercomputer≤ ì
  46.         áááááarσá findinτ worδ iε linear-programming╗á discrete-even⌠ o≥á battlσ ì
  47.         ááááásimulation╗á anΣ symboliπ processinτ relateΣ t∩ exper⌠ system≤á anΣ ì
  48.         áááááartificial-intelligence.
  49.  
  50.  
  51.  
  52.  
  53.  
  54.  
  55.  
  56.  
  57.  
  58.  
  59.  
  60.  
  61.                                         1
  62.  
  63.  
  64.  
  65.         áááááENVIRONMENT/METEOROLOGY
  66.  
  67.         ááááá     Meteorologiπ laboratorie≤ iε thσ UniteΣá States¼á Canada¼á anΣ ì
  68.         áááááEuropσá usσá Supercompute≥ system≤ t∩ mode∞ thσ Earth'≤á atmospherσ ì
  69.         áááááfo≥ weathe≥ forecastinτ anΣ climatologica∞ research«á T∩ bσ useful¼ ì
  70.         áááááatmospheriπá model≤ mus⌠ accuratel∙ accoun⌠ fo≥ physica∞á phenomenß ì
  71.         áááááincludinτ evaporatioε anΣ condensation¼á sola≥ heating¼á anΣá clouΣ ì
  72.         ááááámovement«á Thσá model≤ mus⌠ als∩ includσ informatioε abou⌠ numerou≤ ì
  73.         ááááávariable≤ sucΦ a≤ temperature¼á humidity¼á barometriπ pressure¼ anΣ ì
  74.         áááááwinΣá velocity«áá Modelinτá thσá intricatσá interaction≤á oµá thesσ ì
  75.         ááááávariable≤á fo≥á enormou≤á spatia∞á volume≤á i≤á ßá tasδá fo≥á whicΦ ì
  76.         áááááSupercompute≥á system≤ arσ ideall∙ suited«á Thei≥á rapiΣá computinτ ì
  77.         áááááspeeΣ enable≤ meteorologist≤ t∩ analyzσ datß quickly¼á aε importan⌠ ì
  78.         áááááconsideratioεá becausσ after-the-fac⌠ forecast≤ arσ oµ littlσá use« ì
  79.         áááááAlso¼ modelinτ meteorologiπ phenomenß oε ß larger-than-loca∞ scale¼ ì
  80.         áááááa≤á i≤á donσá iεá pollutioεá monitoring¼á make≤á Supercomputer-sizσ ì
  81.         ááááásystem≤á ßá necessity«á Froφ thσ earlies⌠ day≤á oµá computing¼á thσ ì
  82.         áááááapplicatioεá oµ weathe≥ predictioε wa≤ considereΣ aε idea∞ problem« ì
  83.         áááááVoε Neumann¼á amonτ other≤ gavσ earl∙ consideratioε t∩ thσ prospec⌠ ì
  84.         áááááoµá solvinτá thσá genera∞á circulatioεá mode∞á equation≤á witΦá thσ ì
  85.         ááááácomputer.
  86.  
  87.         ááááá     Today¼á wσ finΣ thσ meteorologist≤ amonτ thσ stonges⌠ user≤ oµ ì
  88.         áááááthσá ver∙á largσ scalσ computer≤ fo≥ researcΦ a≤ wel∞á a≤á fo≥á thσ ì
  89.         ááááádail∙á weathe≥ forecastinτ tasks«á Nex⌠ t∩ nuclea≥ energ∙ research¼ ì
  90.         áááááthσá supercompte≥á i≤ founΣ mos⌠ prevalentl∙ iεá thσá environmenta∞ ì
  91.         áááááfacilities.
  92.  
  93.         ááááá     Iεá thesσá studies¼á thσ dynamiπ anΣ basiπ physica∞á law≤á arσ ì
  94.         áááááspecifieΣá anΣá i⌠ i≤ hopeΣ tha⌠ thσ mode∞ wil∞ comσá u≡á witΦá thσ ì
  95.         ááááárigh⌠á answers«á Thσá majo≥á probleφá iεá thi≤á fielΣá i≤á tha⌠á oµ ì
  96.         áááááturbulence«áá Iεáá it≤á simples⌠á forφá homogeneou≤á turbulencσá i≤ ì
  97.         ááááásimulateΣá b∙á thσá Navier-Stoke≤á equation≤á anΣá thσá statistica∞ ì
  98.         ááááátheorie≤ testeΣ agains⌠ these«á Iε recen⌠ years¼á geophysica∞ fluiΣ ì
  99.         ááááádynamic≤á ha≤á beeεá extendeΣá t∩á includσáá magneto-hydrodynamics¼ ì
  100.         áááááturbulence¼ anΣ geophysica∞ rotatioε effects.
  101.  
  102.         ááááá     Thσá morσá comple°á problem≤ arσá thosσá tha⌠á attemp⌠á globa∞ ì
  103.         áááááatmospheriπá simulatioε tha⌠ caε bσ useΣ fo≥ weathe≥ predictioεá a≤ ì
  104.         áááááwel∞á a≤á climatσ studies«á Beside≤ thσ fluiΣá dynamic≤á equations¼ ì
  105.         áááááthesσá problem≤á no≈á involvσá othe≥á physica∞á phenomenßá sucΦá a≤ ì
  106.         áááááevaporatioεá anΣ condensatioε oµ water¼á sola≥á heating¼á infra-reΣ ì
  107.         ááááácooling¼ anΣ surfacσ frictiona∞ drag.
  108.  
  109.         ááááá     Iµá clouΣá physic≤á i≤ considered¼á therσá i≤á thσá additiona∞ ì
  110.         ááááárequiremen⌠ oµ havinτ dro≡ sizσ anΣ chargσ spectra«á Wheε al∞ thesσ ì
  111.         áááááthing≤ arσ considered¼ eveε today'≤ supercomputer≤ canno⌠ copσ witΦ ì
  112.         áááááthσ problems«  
  113.  
  114.  
  115.  
  116.  
  117.  
  118.  
  119.  
  120.  
  121.  
  122.                                         2
  123.  
  124.  
  125.  
  126.         ááááá     Curren⌠á turbulencσá model≤á operatσ iε eithe≥á tw∩á o≥á threσ ì
  127.         ááááádimensions¼ climatσ model≤ iε three¼ clouΣ model≤ iε threσ plu≤ tw∩ ì
  128.         ááááádrople⌠á sizes«á Therσá i≤ ß neeΣ fo≥ additiona∞ variable≤ anΣá fo≥ ì
  129.         áááááfine≥ resolution¼á bu⌠ thesσ canno⌠ bσ readil∙ accommodateΣá unles≤ ì
  130.         áááááthσá performancσ oµ thσ compute≥ caε bσ increaseΣ b∙ ßá significan⌠ ì
  131.         áááááfactor¼ mucΦ greate≥ thaε two.
  132.  
  133.         ááááá     Thσá method≤á generall∙ useΣ iε attackinτ thesσ problem≤á werσ ì
  134.         ááááábaseΣá oεá finitσ differences«á Morσ anΣá more¼á however¼á spectra∞ ì
  135.         ááááárepresentatioεá iεá term≤ oµ thσ coefficient≤ oµ ßá choseεá se⌠á oµ ì
  136.         ááááábasi≤á function≤á i≤á beinτ used«á Iε globa∞á atmospheriπá problem≤ ì
  137.         ááááásurfacσ harmonic≤ arσ useΣ a≤ thσ basi≤ functions«á Thesσ providσ ß ì
  138.         ááááárepresentatioεá whicΦ avoid≤ coordinatσ singularitie≤ a⌠ thσá pole≤ ì
  139.         ááááá(the∙á arσ invarian⌠ unde≥ ß rotation)«á Integratioε procedure≤á iε ì
  140.         áááááspectra∞á transforφá method≤á involvσ ß transforφ a⌠á eacΦá ste≡á - ì
  141.         ááááábetweeεá thσ spectra∞ anΣ griΣ domains«á  Thσ amoun⌠ oµá arithmetiπ ì
  142.         áááááinvolveΣ fo≥ ß giveε resolutioε betweeε thσ grid-poin⌠ anΣ spectra∞ ì
  143.         ááááátransforφá model≤á i≤ no⌠ significant«á Thσ latte≥á use≤á thσá fas⌠ ì
  144.         áááááFourie≥ Transform.
  145.  
  146.         áááááOCEANOGRAPHY
  147.  
  148.         ááááá     Thσ fielΣ oµ oceanograph∙ ha≤ beeε somewha⌠ neglecteΣá insofa≥ ì
  149.         áááááa≤á largσá scalσ computinτ i≤ concerned«á  Onl∙ recentl∙ ha≤á therσ ì
  150.         ááááábeeεáá ßá significan⌠á movemen⌠á iεá thσá civiliaεá secto≥á fo≥áá ß ì
  151.         ááááásupercompute≥áá t∩áá bσá useΣá iεá thσá advancemen⌠áá oµáá physica∞ ì
  152.         áááááoceanography«á Therσá i≤á n∩ doub⌠ tha⌠ thσ rolσ oµá thσá oceaεá iε ì
  153.         áááááclimate¼á fisher∙ management¼á weathe≥ predictioε anΣ managemen⌠ oµ ì
  154.         áááááoceaε resource≤ i≤ highl∙ important« Couplinτ oµ thσ atmospherσ anΣ ì
  155.         áááááthσ oceaε i≤ oµ considerablσ importancσ iε model≤ t∩ improvσ mediuφ ì
  156.         ááááárangσá weathe≥á forecast≤ a≤ wel∞ a≤ shor⌠ terφ climatσá forecasts« ì
  157.         áááááThi≤á couplinτ i≤ poorl∙ understooΣ becausσ oµ lacδ oµá observatioε ì
  158.         áááááanΣ analysi≤ oµ thσ non-linea≥ processe≤ involved«á Thσ abilit∙á oµ ì
  159.         áááááthσá oceaεá t∩ storσ anΣ transfe≥ hea⌠ anΣ t∩ exchangσ i⌠ witΦá thσ ì
  160.         áááááatmosphere¼ however¼ i≤ significant« 
  161.  
  162.         ááááá     Thσá problem≤á oµá oceanograph∙ arσ simila≥ t∩á thosσá oµá thσ ì
  163.         áááááatmosphere«á Spacσ variability¼á however¼ exist≤ oε ß smalle≥ scalσ ì
  164.         áááááanΣ timσ variabilit∙ oε ß large≥ scale«á Timσ step≤ ma∙ bσ measureΣ ì
  165.         áááááiε hour≤ anΣ timσ perioΣ duratioε iε years¼ spacσ scalσ iε measureΣ ì
  166.         áááááiε ten≤ oµ kilometer≤ a≤ opposeΣ t∩ seconds¼á days¼á anΣ kilometer≤ ì
  167.         ááááárespectively¼ iε the atmospheriπ problem.
  168.  
  169.         ááááá     Severa∞ type≤ oµ genera∞ circulatioε model≤ arσá contemplated¼ ì
  170.         áááááonσ beinτ aε edd∙ resolvinτ model¼ thσ other¼ onσ iε whicΦ current≤ ì
  171.         áááááanΣá densit∙á structure≤á arσá timσá averaged«á T∩á d∩á ßá completσ ì
  172.         ááááásimulatioεá oµ thσ Pacifiπ Oceaε witΦ adequatσ resolutioε (▒á grid⌐ ì
  173.         áááááfo≥áá 5░á year≤á (adequatσá timσá fo≥á formatioεá oµá surfacσáá anΣ ì
  174.         áááááintermediatσáá waters⌐áá woulΣá takσá 100░á hour≤á oεáá ßáá curren⌠ ì
  175.         ááááásupercomputer.
  176.  
  177.         ááááá     Studie≤ oµ edd∙ energ∙ source≤ anΣ distributioε havσ beeε madσ ì
  178.         ááááábu⌠ onl∙ oε ß ver∙ smal∞ scale«á Thesσ mus⌠ bσ lookeΣ a⌠ oε ßá mucΦ ì
  179.         ááááálarge≥ scalσ requirinτ mucΦ greate≥ compute≥ resources.
  180. è
  181.  
  182.                                         3
  183.  
  184.  
  185.  
  186.         ááááá     Man∙á othe≥ oceanographiπ studie≤ arσ iε order¼á fo≥á example¼ ì
  187.         áááááje⌠á instabilities¼áá solitoεá waves¼á loca∞á equilibrium¼á coasta∞ ì
  188.         ááááádynamic≤ and tides.
  189.  
  190.         áááááNUCLEAR ENERGY/NUCLEAR REACTORS
  191.  
  192.         ááááá     Iεá thσá energ∙á field¼á largσ scalσ computinτá ha≤á beeεá thσ ì
  193.         áááááinstrumenta∞á iεá gettinτá worδá donσ froφá thσá beginninτá oµá thσ ì
  194.         ááááácompute≥ era« Nuclea≥ reactor≤ werσ borε almos⌠ simultaneousl∙ witΦ ì
  195.         áááááthσ computer« Withou⌠ thσ compute≥ neithe≥ thσ reactor≤ no≥ nuclea≥ ì
  196.         áááááweapon≤ woulΣ havσ beeε buil⌠ anΣ advanceΣ througΦ thσ stage≤ a≤ wσ ì
  197.         áááááno≈ perceivσ them.
  198.  
  199.         ááááá     No≈á tha⌠á nuclea≥á safet∙á ha≤á becomσá s∩á critical¼á i⌠á i≤ ì
  200.         áááááfortunatσá tha⌠ thσ supercompute≥ i≤ availablσ becausσ thσ problem≤ ì
  201.         áááááhavσ becomσ s∩ large.
  202.  
  203.         ááááá     Nuclea≥á reacto≥ desigε ha≤ beeε witΦ u≤ ever∙ sincσ thσ earl∙ ì
  204.         ááááá1940'≤ wheε thσ firs⌠ reacto≥ wen⌠ critical« Calculation≤ havσ gonσ ì
  205.         áááááthrougΦá man∙á generation≤ oµ developmen⌠ a≤ havσ thσá machine≤á oε ì
  206.         áááááwhicΦ the∙ run«á Thσ basiπ concept≤ arσ thσ same¼á bu⌠ thσá physic≤ ì
  207.         áááááanΣá geometr∙á ge⌠ morσ complicated«á Iε recen⌠á years¼á especiall∙ ì
  208.         áááááafte≥á thσ Threσ Milσ IslanΣ disaste≥ anΣ thσá Chernoby∞á Incident¼ ì
  209.         ááááátherσ ha≤ beeε greate≥ interes⌠ iε doinτ safet∙ analysi≤ oµ nuclea≥ ì
  210.         áááááreacto≥á designs«á Becausσá oµ thσ complexity¼á supercomputer≤á arσ ì
  211.         ááááárequireΣ t∩ makσ thσ studie≤ iε a reasonablσ timσ period.
  212.  
  213.         ááááá        Wha⌠ i≤ no≈ requireΣ is:
  214.  
  215.         ááááá        ∩  On-linσá analysi≤á oµá instrumentatioεáá fo≥áá rapiΣ ì
  216.         ááááá           interpretation oµ reacto≥ conditions.
  217.  
  218.         ááááá        ∩  Automatiπáá contro∞áá fo≥á norma∞áá anΣáá off-norma∞ ì
  219.         ááááá          áoperations.
  220.  
  221.         ááááá        ∩  Simulatioε fo≥ operato≥ training.
  222.  
  223.         ááááá        ∩  MucΦá faster-than-real-timσá on-linσá analysi≤áá fo≥ ì
  224.         ááááá           quickl∙ááá assessinτáá potentia∞áá acciden⌠ááá mitigatioε ì
  225.         ááááá          áprocedure≤ durinτ off-normal occurrences.
  226.  
  227.         ááááá        ∩  Economiπ acciden⌠ analysi≤ fo≥ routinσ usσá t∩á stud∙ ì
  228.         ááááá          áenhanced operatinτ procedure≤ anΣ safet∙ features.
  229.  
  230.         ááááá        ∩  DetaileΣ acciden⌠ analysi≤ fo≥ understandinτ occurrinτ ì
  231.         ááááá         ááphenomena.
  232.  
  233.  
  234.  
  235.  
  236.  
  237.  
  238.  
  239.  
  240.  
  241.  
  242.  
  243.                                         4
  244.  
  245.  
  246.  
  247.         ááááá     I⌠á i≤á essentia∞á tha⌠á thσ firs⌠ fou≥ oµ thesσá bσá donσá iε ì
  248.         ááááárealtime«á Iεá onσá supercompute≥ prograφ (fo≥ usσ iεá ligh⌠á wate≥ ì
  249.         áááááreacto≥á safet∙á analysis)¼á thσ emphasi≤á i≤á oεá non-equilibrium¼ ì
  250.         ááááánonhomogeneou≤á flo≈ oµ higΦ temperaturσ wate≥ anΣ steam«á Another¼ ì
  251.         ááááái≤ useΣ t∩ analyzσ corσ meltinτ iε ß fas⌠ breede≥ reactor«á I⌠á ha≤ ì
  252.         ááááát∩á accoun⌠á fo≥á molteεá anΣ vaporizeΣ material≤ a≤á wel∞á a≤á fo≥ ì
  253.         ááááástandarΣ ones«á Iε this¼á 2╡ mas≤ continuit∙ equations¼á 1▓á energ∙ ì
  254.         áááááequations¼á ┤á momentuφá equation≤ arσ solveΣ iε ßá two-dimensiona∞ ì
  255.         ááááámesh«á I⌠á als∩ ha≤ t∩ solvσ thσ time-dependen⌠á neutroεá transpor⌠ ì
  256.         áááááequation≤á t∩á determinσá thσá curren⌠á reacto≥á powe≥á level≤á anΣ ì
  257.         ááááádistribution.
  258.  
  259.         ááááá     Thσá supercompute≥á make≤ thesσ calculation≤ possiblσ iεá rea∞ ì
  260.         ááááátimσ a≤ needed« Thσ one-dimensiona∞ model≤ oµ thσ program≤ useΣ fo≥ ì
  261.         áááááacciden⌠á analysi≤ oµ thσ LiquiΣ Meta∞ Fas⌠ Breede≥ Reacto≥ (LMFBR⌐ ì
  262.         ááááácaεá bσá extendeΣ t∩ thσ morσ realistiπ tw∩á o≥á threσá dimensiona∞ ì
  263.         ááááámodel≤á usinτ thσ curren⌠ supercomputers«á Thesσ program≤ arσ quitσ  ì
  264.         ááááálargσá becausσá the∙á contaiε ß numbe≥á oµá separatσá bu⌠á  coupleΣ ì
  265.         ááááámodule≤á fo≥á computinτ differen⌠ aspect≤ oµ aε accident¼á sucΦá a≤ ì
  266.         áááááhea⌠ transfer¼á coolan⌠ flow¼á fue∞ piε mechanics¼á sodiuφ boiling¼ ì
  267.         áááááclaΣá relocation¼á fue∞ relocation¼á fuel-coolan⌠ interaction≤á anΣ ì
  268.         áááááneutrons« 
  269.         ááááá    
  270.         ááááá     Eveεá thσá 1-─á mode∞á treat≤ thσá reacto≥á iεá ßá quasi-threσ ì
  271.         ááááádimensiona∞ way«á Onσ dimensiona∞ model≤ arσ coupleΣ t∩ approximatσ ì
  272.         áááááthσ rea∞ threσ dimensiona∞ system«á Somσá phenomena¼á however¼á arσ ì
  273.         ááááátrul∙á tw∩á o≥á threσ dimensiona∞ iε naturσ anΣ canno⌠á bσá treateΣ ì
  274.         áááááadequatel∙á thi≤á way«á Thσá curren⌠á mode∞á strain≤á thσá bes⌠á oµ ì
  275.         áááááconventiona∞ machines«á Iε thi≤ code¼á finitσ differencσ technique≤ ì
  276.         áááááarσ useΣ t∩ solvσ thσ problem«á Man∙ reacto≥ desigε code≤ depenΣ oε ì
  277.         áááááfinite-differencσ stead∙ statσ multi-grou≡ neutroε diffusioε theor∙ ì
  278.         ááááácalculation«á MucΦá oµá thσ CP╒ timσ i≤ spen⌠á iεá iterations«á Thσ ì
  279.         áááááperformancσáá gain≤áá iεá goinτá froφá thσáá las⌠áá generatioεáá oµ ì
  280.         ááááá"conventionaló machine≤ t∩ thσ ne≈ supercomputer≤ ha≤ beeε ß facto≥ ì
  281.         áááááoµ ▓ t∩ │ fo≥ realistiπ problems.
  282.  
  283.         ááááá     A⌠á somσá atomiπá powe≥ Laboratories¼á eveεá thσá Montσá Carl∩ ì
  284.         ááááátechnique¼á ß probleφ though⌠ t∩ bσ inherentl∙ scala≥ iε naturσ ha≤ ì
  285.         ááááábeeεá successfull∙á programmeΣá t∩á takσ advantagσá oµá thσá vecto≥ ì
  286.         ááááámachinσ organizatioε oµ supercomputers.
  287.  
  288.         ááááá╔NERTIA╠ FUSION
  289.  
  290.                   ┴á fairl∙á recen⌠á researcΦá prograφ iεá thσá searcΦá fo≥ ì
  291.         áááááalternatσá source≤ oµ energ∙ i≤ tha⌠ oµ inertia∞á confinement«á Thσ ì
  292.         áááááideßá i≤á baseΣ oε gettinτ energ∙ froφ thσ nuclea≥á fusioεá proces≤ ì
  293.         áááááinitiateΣá b∙á compressinτá ß smal∞ amoun⌠ oµá D╘á fue∞á witΦá somσ ì
  294.         ááááádriver¼á likσá ß lase≥ beam«á Thσ compressioε proces≤ applieΣ t∩á ß ì
  295.         ááááátin∙á pelle⌠ containinτ thσ fue∞ shoulΣ thermonuclearl∙ ignitσá anΣ ì
  296.         áááááburεá thσá D╘á mixturσá thereb∙ releasinτá ßá numbe≥á oµá energetiπ ì
  297.         áááááneutrons«á Iεá thi≤á process¼á thσá scientis⌠á mus⌠á calculatσá thσ ì
  298.         ááááádetaileΣá mechanisφá oµ lase≥ ligh⌠ absorption¼á energ∙á transport¼ ì
  299.         áááááhydrodynamic≤ implosioε anΣ thermonuclea≥ burε ove≥ ß rangσ oµá si° ì
  300.         áááááorder≤ oµ magnitudσ oµ densit∙ anΣ temperature.
  301.  
  302.  
  303.  
  304.                                         5
  305.  
  306.  
  307.  
  308.         ááááá    Thi≤á typσá oµ probleφ i≤ botΦ extremel∙á non-linea≥ ì
  309.         áááááanΣ non-local«á I⌠ strain≤ eveε thσ mos⌠ powerfu∞ supercomputer« Iε ì
  310.         áááááonσ example¼ therσ werσ bu⌠ 5,00░ line≤ oµ FORTRA╬ iε thσ code¼ bu⌠ ì
  311.         áááááthσá runninτ timσ pe≥ probleφ wa≤ 50-10░ hrs«á Iε thσ casσ referreΣ ì
  312.         ááááát∩á here¼á thσá PI├á (particlσ - iε - cell⌐á methoΣá wa≤á useΣá fo≥ ì
  313.         ááááásimulatinτá thσá lase≥á ligh⌠ absorption«á Thσá electroεá transpor⌠ ì
  314.         áááááportioεá wa≤á handleΣ b∙ Multi-grou≡á diffusion«á  Thσá PI├á methoΣ ì
  315.         ááááásolve≤á thσá equation≤á oµ motioε oµ thσ chargeΣ particle≤á iεá thσ ì
  316.         ááááápresencσ oµ ß self-consisten⌠ electromagnetiπ fielΣ determineΣ froφ ì
  317.         áááááMaxwell'≤á equations«á Mos⌠á oµá thσá compute≥á timσá i≤á spen⌠á iε ì
  318.         áááááadvancinτá thσá particlσá position≤á anΣá velocities«áá Thσáá fielΣ ì
  319.         áááááequation≤áá arσá easil∙á vectorizablσá a≤á arσá two-third≤á oµá thσ ì
  320.         áááááarithmetiπá operatioεá iεá thσá particlσá advance«áá Iεá ßáá vecto≥ ì
  321.         ááááásupercomputer¼á however¼á two-third≤á oµ thσ tota∞ timσ i≤ spen⌠ iε ì
  322.         áááááthσá remaininτ one-thirΣ oµ thσ calculatioεá interpolatinτá betweeε ì
  323.         áááááparticlσá anΣá grid«á Thi≤á typσá oµá probleφá arise≤á iεá worδá iε ì
  324.         áááááastrophysic≤á a≤á wel∞á a≤ nuclea≥ research¼á iεá eithe≥á oµá whicΦ ì
  325.         ááááánuclea≥á  fusioε i≤ takinτ placσ a⌠ higΦ temperature≤ anΣ pressure« ì
  326.         áááááThσá initiatioεá oµ thσ event≤ oµ coursσá d∩á differ¼á bu⌠á requirσ ì
  327.         áááááspecializeΣáá treatmen⌠áá dependinτá oεá thσá source≤áá oµáá energ∙ ì
  328.         áááááresponsiblσ fo≥ thσ implosion.
  329.  
  330.         áááááNON-NUCLEAR ENERGY
  331.  
  332.         áááááIεá thσ non-nuclea≥ area¼á thσ growtΦ i≤ mucΦ slower«á Sola≥ energ∙ ì
  333.         áááááanΣ fossi∞ fue∞ energ∙ studie≤ arσ consuminτ smal∞ amount≤ oµá timσ ì
  334.         ááááábu⌠ arσ graduall∙ growinτ iε scope.
  335.  
  336.         áááááAERODYNAMICS
  337.  
  338.         áááááAirplane designers havσ lonτ relieΣ oε winΣ tunnel≤ t∩ evaluatσ thσ ì
  339.         áááááaerodynamic≤á oµ airplane≤ anΣ airplanσ sections«á Bu⌠ winΣá tunne∞ ì
  340.         ááááátest≤ requirσ time-consuminτ anΣ costl∙ constructioε oµ oµ physica∞ ì
  341.         ááááátes⌠á models«á  WinΣá tunnel≤á arσ als∩ expensivσ t∩á maintaiεá anΣ ì
  342.         ááááácanno⌠ááá detec⌠áá certaiεáá air-flo≈ááá phenomena«ááá Fortunately¼ ì
  343.         áááááSupercompute≥ system≤ enablσ thσ airplanσ designer≤ t∩ bypas≤á man∙ ì
  344.         ááááácycle≤áá oµáá wind-tunne∞á testing«áá Computationa∞áá modelinτáá oε ì
  345.         áááááSupercompute≥á system≤ enable≤ designer≤ t∩ tes⌠ anΣ modif∙ design≤ ì
  346.         áááááquickl∙á whilσá conservinτ resource≤ otherwisσ useΣá fo≥á prototypσ ì
  347.         ááááátesting«á Iε addition¼á thσ easσ witΦ whicΦ design≤ caε bσ modifieΣ ì
  348.         áááááoε ß compute≥ give≤ designer≤ freedoφ t∩ experimen⌠ anΣá encourage≤ ì
  349.         áááááinnovatioε anΣ creativity.
  350.  
  351.         áááááThσá automotivσá industr∙á i≤ beginninτ t∩ enjo∙á thσá benefit≤á oµ ì
  352.         áááááaerodynamiπ testinτ viß supercompute≥ anΣ aerodynamiπ simulatioε i≤ ì
  353.         áááááincreasingl∙ beinτ useΣ iε thσ interna∞ desigε oµ aircraf⌠ engines.
  354.  
  355.  
  356.  
  357.  
  358.  
  359.  
  360.  
  361.  
  362.  
  363.  
  364.  
  365.                                         6
  366.  
  367.  
  368.  
  369.         áááááTherσáá i≤á thσá grea⌠á advantage≤á oµá simulatinτá airfligh⌠á witΦ ì
  370.         ááááácomputer≤ rathe≥ thaε winΣ tunnels« Therσ arσ fewe≥ restriction≤ iε ì
  371.         áááááthσá mode∞á imposeΣ b∙ thσ compute≥ s∩ lonτ a≤ adequatσá speeΣá anΣ ì
  372.         ááááástoragσ arσ available« Thσ winΣ tunne∞ ha≤ wal∞ effects¼ i≤ limiteΣ ì
  373.         áááááb∙ thσ sizσ oµ thσ mode∞ tha⌠ caε bσ flown¼á b∙ thσ flo≈á velocity¼ ì
  374.         ááááápressurσá anΣ temperaturσ tha⌠ caε bσ utilized¼á a⌠ thσ ver∙ least« ì
  375.         áááááThσ economic≤ arσ al∞ iε favo≥ oµ thσ numerica∞ simulatioε a≤ well« ì
  376.         áááááOµá course¼á  thσ supercompute≥ doe≤ no⌠ operatσ iε rea∞á timσá bu⌠ ì
  377.         áááááwitΦ enougΦ capacit∙ anΣ capabilit∙ i⌠ caε d∩ ver∙ well.
  378.  
  379.         áááááTherσá i≤ ß differentatioε betweeε computationa∞ fluiΣ dynamic≤ anΣ ì
  380.         ááááácomputationa∞á aerodynamics║á
  381.  
  382.         áááááComputationa∞á fluiΣá dynamic≤á i≤á thσá applicatioεá oµá numerica∞ ì
  383.         áááááanalysi≤á t∩ thσ solutioε oµ equation≤ oµ fluiΣá mechanics«á I⌠á i≤ ì
  384.         áááááconcerneΣá witΦá thσ mathematica∞ structurσ oµ thesσ equation≤á anΣ ì
  385.         áááááthσ generatioε oµ stablσ accuratσ algorithm≤ fo≥ thei≥ solutions.
  386.  
  387.         áááááComputationa∞á aerodynamic≤ i≤ aε engineerinτ sciencσá directeΣá t∩ ì
  388.         áááááthσá generatioεá oµ usefu∞ informatioε applicablσ t∩ thσ desigεá oµ ì
  389.         áááááaircraf⌠áá anΣá aircraf⌠á component≤á predominantl∙áá througΦáá thσ ì
  390.         áááááapplicatioε oµ numerica∞ methods«á i.e«á Onσ i≤ concerneΣ witΦ wha⌠ ì
  391.         ááááái≤ true¼ thσ othe≥ witΦ wha⌠ i≤ closσ enough.
  392.  
  393.         áááááThσá usσ oµ thσ supercomputer≤ fo≥ thσ aerodynamicis⌠ i≤ sucΦá tha⌠ ì
  394.         ááááái⌠á wil∞ allo≈ hiφ t∩ complemen⌠ thσ winΣ tunne∞ testinτ whicΦ wil∞ ì
  395.         áááááprobabl∙á no⌠ bσ eliminated«á I⌠ wil∞ providσ fo≥á bette≥á couplinτ ì
  396.         ááááábetweeεáá theor∙áá anΣáá experiment¼áá thu≤áá leadinτáá t∩áá bette≥ ì
  397.         áááááinterpretatioε anΣ understandinτ oµ flo≈ phenomena.
  398.  
  399.         ááááá∩    I⌠ allow≤ fo≥ aε enhancemen⌠ oµ understandinτ oµ thσ influencσ ì
  400.         ááááá ááááoµ desigε variable≤ oε aircraf⌠ performance.
  401.  
  402.         ááááá∩á    I⌠á permit≤ morσ rapiΣ exploratioε oµ combinatioεá oµá desigε ì
  403.         ááááá  áááávariable≤ oε performance.
  404.  
  405.         ááááá∩á    I⌠ provide≤ ß mean≤ fo≥ optimizinτ aerodynamiπá configuratioε ì
  406.         ááááá áááááthrougΦ thσ couplinτ oµ theor∙ anΣ simulation.
  407.  
  408.         ááááá∩á    I⌠ allow≤ fo≥ simulatioε freσ oµ constraint≤ sucΦ a≤á imposeΣ ì
  409.         ááááá áááááb∙ thσ winΣ tunnel.
  410.  
  411.         áááááUsinτ thσ Navier-Stoke≤ equations¼ whicΦ arσ thσ basiπ equation≤ oµ ì
  412.         áááááfluiΣ dynamics¼á thσ aerodynamicis⌠ ha≤ gonσ througΦ fou≥ stage≤ oµ ì
  413.         ááááádevelopment╗áá thesσáá beinτá dependen⌠á oεá thσá compute≥á system≤ ì
  414.         áááááavailablσ t∩ him.
  415.  
  416.         ááááá               1«   LinearizeΣ inviscid.
  417.         ááááá               2«   Non-linea≥ inviscid
  418.         ááááá               3«   Reynold≤ averageΣ Navier-Stokes
  419.         ááááá               4«   Ful∞ Navier-Stokes
  420.  
  421.  
  422.  
  423.  
  424.  
  425.  
  426.                                         7
  427.  
  428.  
  429.  
  430.         áááááThσá firs⌠á stagσ wa≤ alloweΣ t∩ gro≈ quitσ complex¼á thσá las⌠á i≤ ì
  431.         ááááástil∞á ver∙ simple«á However¼á thσ las⌠ ma∙ neve≥ bσ donσá iεá ful∞ ì
  432.         áááááscale«á `Exactºá solution≤ t∩ thσ Navier-Stoke≤ equation≤ canno⌠ bσ ì
  433.         ááááádonσá b∙ computer«á Kolmogorofµ ha≤ showε tha⌠ thσ numbe≥á oµá mesΦ ì
  434.         ááááápoint≤á requireΣá iεá turbulen⌠ flo≈ scale≤ likσá Re9/┤á (Reynold'≤ ì
  435.         ááááánumber)«á I⌠á is¼á therefore¼á unlikel∙ tha⌠ therσ wil∞ eve≥á bσá ß ì
  436.         ááááácompute≥á witΦ thσ capacit∙ needeΣ fo≥ calculatinτ turbulen⌠á flow≤ ì
  437.         áááááoµá engineerinτ interes⌠ iε completσ detail«á Perhap≤ n∩ onσá woulΣ ì
  438.         áááááwan⌠ t∩ d∩ thσá calculation«                                   ì
  439.         ááááá     
  440.         áááááCurren⌠á code≤á arσá limiteΣá t∩ thosσ problem≤á no⌠á dominateΣá b∙ ì
  441.         áááááviscou≤áá effects«áá Application≤áá t∩á comple°áá rea∞áá situation≤ ì
  442.         ááááácharacteristic≤á oµ completσ aircraf⌠ desigε arσ no⌠ ye⌠á possible« ì
  443.         áááááIεá 2░ minute≤ researcher≤ toda∙ caε d∩ ß 3-─á invisciΣá non-linea≥ ì
  444.         áááááflo≈á o≥ ß 2-─ ReynolΣ averageΣ Navier-Stoke≤ solution«á Wha⌠á the∙ ì
  445.         áááááwan⌠á i≤á thσ capabilit∙ t∩ perforφ calculation≤ tha⌠á involvσá thσ ì
  446.         ááááádirec⌠á numerica∞ simulatioε oµ turbulen⌠ eddie≤ froφ thσá completσ ì
  447.         ááááátimσá dependen⌠á Navier-Stoke≤ equation≤ anΣ calculatσá froφá firs⌠ ì
  448.         áááááprinciple≤ thσ laminar-turbulen⌠ transition¼ thσ aerodynamiπ noise¼ ì
  449.         áááááanΣ thσ surfacσ pressurσ fluctuations.
  450.  
  451.  
  452.         áááááPETROLEUM
  453.  
  454.         áááááSEISMIC DATA PROCESSING
  455.  
  456.         áááááMan∙áá oi∞áá companie≤áá anΣá geophysica∞áá contractor≤áá rel∙áá oε ì
  457.         áááááSupercomputer≤á t∩á hel≡ locatσ petroleuφá deposits«á Supercompute≥ ì
  458.         ááááásystem≤ arσ useΣ t∩ proces≤ thσ largσ volume≤ oµ datß generateΣá b∙ ì
  459.         áááááreflectioε seismology¼ ß techniquσ useΣ iε geophysica∞ exploration« ì
  460.         áááááReflectioεá seismolog∙á involve≤ inducinτ ß shocδ int∩ thσá ground¼ ì
  461.         áááááusuall∙á witΦ speciall∙ designeΣ hydrauliπ devices¼á anΣá recordinτ ì
  462.         áááááthσá sounΣá wave≤á reflecteΣ bacδ t∩á thσá surface«á Analyzinτá thσ ì
  463.         ááááárecordeΣá datßá caε revea∞ importan⌠ geologica∞ feature≤á tha⌠á ma∙ ì
  464.         áááááindicatσ thσ presencσ o≥ absencσ oµ petroleum«á However¼ thσ amoun⌠ ì
  465.         áááááoµ datß needeΣ t∩ profilσ ß largσ volumσ oµ eartΦ accuratel∙ caε bσ ì
  466.         áááááimmense¼á anΣ thσ requireΣ analyse≤ arσ staggeringl∙ complex«á Onl∙ ì
  467.         áááááSupercomputer≤á caεá perforφ thσ detaileΣ analyse≤ oεá thesσá largσ ì
  468.         ááááádatß set≤ iε ß timel∙ anΣ cos⌠ effectivσ way« Seismiπ processinτ oε ì
  469.         áááááSupercomputer≤á minimize≤ thσ likelihooΣ oµá drillinτá unproductivσ ì
  470.         áááááwells¼á preservinτá thσá resource≤ oµ petroleuφ companie≤á anΣá thσ ì
  471.         áááááenvironment.
  472.  
  473.  
  474.  
  475.  
  476.  
  477.  
  478.  
  479.  
  480.  
  481.  
  482.  
  483.  
  484.  
  485.  
  486.  
  487.                                         8
  488.  
  489.  
  490.  
  491.         áááááRESERVOIR SIMULATION
  492.  
  493.         ááááá┴á numbe≥ oµ majo≥ oi∞ companie≤ usσ Supercomputer≤ t∩ simulatσ thσ ì
  494.         ááááácomple°áá flo≈á phenomenßá tha⌠á characterizσá petroleuφáá recover∙ ì
  495.         áááááoperations«á SucΦá operation≤ typicall∙ involvσ injectinτ wate≥á o≥ ì
  496.         áááááwate≥á plu≤ ß surfactan⌠ int∩ ß reservoi≥ t∩ mobilizσá thσá trappeΣ ì
  497.         áááááoi∞á anΣá pusΦ i⌠ t∩ thσ surface«á However¼á t∩ determinσ thσá bes⌠ ì
  498.         ááááárecover∙á strateg∙á fo≥á ßá particula≥á reservoir¼á engineer≤á mus⌠ ì
  499.         áááááconside≥á thσ undergrounΣ temperaturσ anΣá pressure¼á thσá chemica∞ ì
  500.         ááááámakeu≡á oµ thσ petroleum¼á anΣ thσ reservoi≥ geology«á Modelinτ thσ ì
  501.         ááááácomple° interaction≤ oµ thesσ variable≤ fo≥ largσ volume≤ oµá eartΦ ì
  502.         ááááárequire≤ thσ kinΣ oµ massivσ computinτ powe≥ tha⌠ thσ Supercompute≥ ì
  503.         ááááásysteφá provides«á Thσá reservoi≥á probleφ i≤ onσ iεá whicΦá finitσ ì
  504.         ááááádifferencσáá method≤á arσá useΣá iεá solvinτá largσáá scalσáá threσ ì
  505.         ááááádimensiona∞á representation≤ oµ aε oi∞ field«á Usinτ corσá samples¼ ì
  506.         áááááknowεá geologiπá information¼á producinτ wel∞ output¼á ßá mode∞á i≤ ì
  507.         áááááconstructeΣ whicΦ i≤ useΣ t∩ projec⌠ forwarΣ int∩ timσ thσ expecteΣ ì
  508.         áááááperformancσá oµá thσ oi∞ field«á Becausσ aε increasσá iεá reservoi≥ ì
  509.         áááááoutpu⌠á oµá onl∙á ßá fe≈ percen⌠ caεá translatσá int∩á million≤á oµ ì
  510.         ááááádollars¼á Supercomputer≤á arσá amonτ thσ petroleuφ industry'≤á mos⌠ ì
  511.         ááááávaluablσ anΣ cos⌠ effectivσ researcΦ tools.
  512.  
  513.         áááááGENERAL RESEARCH
  514.  
  515.         áááááIεá thσ genera∞ researcΦ area≤ consideratioε mus⌠ bσ giveεá t∩á thσ ì
  516.         ááááávariou≤á discipline≤á wherσ supercomputer≤ caε adΣ ß grea⌠ dea∞á t∩ ì
  517.         áááááthσ overal∞ needs¼ man∙ oµ whicΦ havσ no⌠ ye⌠ beeε exploited.
  518.  
  519.         áááááCHEMISTRY
  520.  
  521.              Compute≥á modelinτá i≤ aε invaluablσ too∞á fo≥á studyinτá molecula≥ ì
  522.         ááááámotion¼á whicΦ caε occu≥ iε ß matte≥ oµ picosecond≤ (trillionth≤ oµ ì
  523.         áááááß second)«  Compute≥ model≤ oµ atomiπ anΣ molecula≥ system≤ providσ ì
  524.         áááááinformatioε abou⌠ reactioε rates¼ propertie≤ oµ synthetiπ polymers¼ ì
  525.         áááááanΣá thσá shape≤ oµ macromolecule≤ thousand≤ oµ atom≤á long«á Usinτ ì
  526.         ááááácompute≥ models¼á chemist≤ stud∙ thσ fundamenta∞ physic≤ underlyinτ ì
  527.         ááááámolecula≥ behavior¼ pavinτ thσ wa∙ fo≥ ne≈ discoverie≤ iε material≤ ì
  528.         áááááscience¼áá medicine¼á anΣá agriculture«á Thσá detaileΣá anΣá highl∙ ì
  529.         áááááiterativσá mathematic≤á involveΣá iεá sucΦá modelinτá demand≤áá thσ ì
  530.         ááááácomputationa∞ capacitie≤ oµ ß supercomputer«á Supercompute≥ system≤ ì
  531.         áááááarσá useΣá fo≥  chemica∞ modelinτ iε area≤ sucΦ a≤á combustioεá anΣ ì
  532.         áááááatmospheriπá chemistr∙ research¼á polyme≥ anΣ druτ design¼á anΣ thσ ì
  533.         ááááámodelinτ oµ genetiπ material.
  534.  
  535.  
  536.  
  537.  
  538.  
  539.  
  540.  
  541.  
  542.  
  543.  
  544.  
  545.  
  546.  
  547.  
  548.                                         9
  549.  
  550.  
  551.  
  552.         áááááChemist≤á worldwidσ havσ lonτ recognizeΣ thσ neeΣ fo≥á largσá scalσ ì
  553.         ááááácomputers«á The∙á werσá amonτ thσ firs⌠ t∩ pu⌠ thei≥ largσá quantuφ ì
  554.         áááááchemistr∙á job≤ oε thσ earl∙ universit∙ computers«á Majo≥á problem≤ ì
  555.         ááááátha⌠ chemist≤ havσ t∩ solvσ arσ thosσ in:
  556.  
  557.         ááááá           1«  Quantuφ Mechanics
  558.  
  559.         ááááá               Variationa∞á solution≤á arσ utilizeΣá t∩á solvσá thσ ì
  560.         ááááááááááááááááááááSchroedinge≥á Equation«á Thi≤á wil∞ continuσá t∩á bσ ì
  561.         ááááááááááááááááááááapplieΣ t∩ morσ comple° molecules«á Othe≥ algorithm≤ ì
  562.         ááááááááááááááááááááarσ beinτ sough⌠ t∩ givσ morσ accuratσ solutions«á ┴ ì
  563.         áááááááááááááááááááástochastiπáá methoΣáá show≤á promisσá bu⌠áá require≤ ì
  564.         ááááááááááááááááááááextensivσ compute≥ experience.
  565.  
  566.         á               2«  Statistica∞ Mechanics
  567.  
  568.         ááááááááááááááááááááMolecula≥ dynamic≤ a≤ wel∞ a≤ Montσ Carl∩ technique≤ ì
  569.         ááááááááááááááááááááhavσ beeε useΣ t∩ determinσ propertie≤ oµá molecula≥ ì
  570.         ááááááááááááááááááááfluid≤ sucΦ a≤ water«á Successfu∞ worδ ha≤ beeε donσ ì
  571.         ááááááááááááááááááááiεá ga≤ models¼á bu⌠ morσ comple° system≤ arσá beinτ ì
  572.         áááááááááááááááááááátackled«áá Thi≤á ha≤á beeεá attempteΣá witΦá limiteΣ ì
  573.         áááááááááááááááááááásucces≤ thu≤ far.
  574.  
  575.         ááááá           3«  Polyme≥ Chemistry
  576.  
  577.         ááááááááááááááááááááHugΦá molecule≤á iεá ßá solven⌠á a≤á wel∞á a≤á thei≥                    ì
  578.         ááááááááááááááááááááentanglemen⌠áá witΦáá eacΦá othe≥á iεáá concentrateΣ ì
  579.         áááááááááááááááááááásolution≤ caε bσ simulateΣ iε ß realistiπ manner.
  580.  
  581.         áááááááááááááááá4«  Crystallography
  582.  
  583.         ááááááááááááááááááááThesσá studie≤á havσ beeε goinτ oε fo≥ ßá lonτá timσ ì
  584.         áááááááááááááááááááánow¼ bu⌠ thσ structurσ oµ eveε morσ comple° protein≤ ì
  585.         áááááááááááááááááááái≤ ye⌠ t∩ bσ determined.
  586.  
  587.         áááááMEDICINE/BIOENGINEERING GENETICS
  588.  
  589.         ááááá     Iεá medicine¼á supercomputer≤á ha≤ beeε useΣ rathe≥á sparingl∙ ì
  590.         áááááunti∞ now« WitΦ thσ grea⌠ advance≤ iε genetiπ engineering¼ however¼ ì
  591.         ááááátherσá i≤ ß growinτ neeΣ fo≥ largσ scalσ computation≤á t∩á simulatσ ì
  592.         ááááábiologica∞ systems«á  Technique≤ beinτ useΣ arσ simila≥ t∩ thσ one≤ ì
  593.         ááááádevelopeΣ b∙ thσ chemists.
  594.  
  595.  
  596.  
  597.  
  598.  
  599.  
  600.  
  601.  
  602.  
  603.  
  604.  
  605.  
  606.  
  607.  
  608.  
  609.                                        10
  610.  
  611.  
  612.  
  613.         áááááPHYSICS
  614.  
  615.         áááááIεá thσá earl∙ year≤ oµ computing¼á thσ physic≤ communit∙ wa≤á ver∙ ì
  616.         áááááheavil∙á involved¼á particularl∙ witΦ respec⌠ t∩á application≤á fo≥ ì
  617.         áááááanalyzinτá particlσá track≤á generateΣ iε device≤á sucΦá a≤á bubblσ ì
  618.         áááááchamber≤ o≥ sparδ chambers«á Therσ werσ othe≥ use≤ sucΦ a≤ modelinτ ì
  619.         áááááoµá thσ nucleu≤ iε thσ nuclea≥ physic≤ field«á Durinτ thσ 60'≤á anΣ ì
  620.         ááááá70's¼á  however¼á utilizatioεá oµá largσ computer≤ iεá thσá physic≤ ì
  621.         ááááácommunit∙ haΣ no⌠ increaseΣ significantly« Man∙ physicist≤ resorteΣ ì
  622.         ááááát∩áá thσá usσá oµá mini-computer≤á t∩á carr∙á ou⌠á thei≥áá researcΦ ì
  623.         áááááactivities«á Earl∙á iεá 1981¼á ßá stud∙ wa≤ madσ b∙á ßá higΦá leve∞ ì
  624.         ááááácommitteσá oµ physicist≤  t∩ determinσ presen⌠ anΣ futurσá compute≥ ì
  625.         áááááneeds« It≤ recommendatioε wa≤ tha⌠ ß supercomputer≤ bσ acquireΣ fo≥ ì
  626.         áááááworldwidσ physic≤ research« I⌠ recognizeΣ tha⌠ iε somσ fields¼ sucΦ ì
  627.         áááááa≤á fluiΣá dynamics¼á thσá transitioεá froφá ordinar∙á differentia∞ ì
  628.         áááááequation≤á t∩á partia∞ differentia∞ equation≤ haΣ lonτ sincσá takeε ì
  629.         áááááplace¼á wherea≤á iεá somσ othe≥ area≤ oµ physic≤á littlσá ha≤á beeε ì
  630.         áááááaccomplished« Furthermore¼ one-dimensiona∞ problem≤ arσ unrealistiπ ì
  631.         áááááiεá simulatinτá thσá rea∞á worlΣá anΣ thσ movσá t∩á tw∩á anΣá threσ ì
  632.         ááááádimensiona∞á solution≤á wa≤á no⌠á takinτá place«á Thσá application≤ ì
  633.         ááááámentioneΣ werσ many«á Fo≥ example¼ iε quantuφ fielΣ theor∙ therσ i≤ ì
  634.         áááááß neeΣ t∩ carr∙ ou⌠ integral≤ oµ sixtΦ o≥ eightΦ order╗ thσ algebrß ì
  635.         áááááfo≥ quarδ theor∙ i≤ ver∙ comple° anΣ require≤ symboliπ manipulatioε ì
  636.         áááááb∙á usinτá program≤á sucΦ a≤á MACSYM┴á o≥á REDUCE╗á iεá statistica∞ ì
  637.         ááááámechanics¼á molecula≥á dynamic≤á o≥ Montσ Carl∩ technique≤ mus⌠á bσ ì
  638.         áááááuseΣá t∩á tacklσ comple° liquiΣá systems«á Thesσá problem≤á requirσ ì
  639.         ááááásupercompute≥ capability«á Understandinτ thσ structurσ oµ matte≥ iε ì
  640.         áááááthσ condenseΣ statσ need≤ mucΦ researcΦ work« Perfec⌠ anΣ imperfec⌠ ì
  641.         ááááásolids¼á disordereΣá anΣá amorphou≤ materials¼á liquiΣá metal≤á anΣ ì
  642.         áááááalloys¼ surfaces¼ interfaces¼ artifica∞ a≤ wel∞ a≤ exotiπ material≤ ì
  643.         áááááneeΣá t∩á bσá studieΣá morσá rigorousl∙ a≤ wel∞á a≤á thσá neeΣá fo≥ ì
  644.         áááááelectroniπ structurσ determinatioε oµ comple° bulδ solids¼ polymer≤ ì
  645.         áááááanΣá biomaterials«á Onl∙ witΦ thσ adven⌠ oµá linearized¼á augmenteΣ ì
  646.         áááááplane-wavσá method≤ diΣ realistiπ self-consisten⌠á calculation≤á oµ ì
  647.         áááááelectronic≤á leve∞á oµá thiε meta∞ film≤ becomσá possible«á Eveεá ß ì
  648.         ááááámodes⌠ systeφ straineΣ thσ resource≤ oµ mos⌠ computers«á Now¼á witΦ ì
  649.         ááááásupercomputer≤á researcher≤ caε tacklσ eveε morσ comple°á problems¼ ì
  650.         áááááfo≥á example¼á thσ stickinτ oµ atom≤ oεá surfaces¼á absorptioεá anΣ ì
  651.         ááááádisassociatioεá oµ thσ molecule≤ subsequen⌠ motioε anΣ reactioεá oµ ì
  652.         áááááthσ atom≤ oε thσ surface.
  653.  
  654.         áááááIε nuclea≥ physics¼ thσ shel∞ mode∞ anΣ othe≥ model≤ oµ thσ nucleu≤ ì
  655.         áááááhavσá becomσ mucΦ morσ complex╗á higΦ energ∙ scattering¼á heav∙ ioε ì
  656.         ááááácollision≤á anΣá fe≈ bod∙ (3-5⌐ reaction≤ al∞ requirσá thσá usσá oµ ì
  657.         ááááásupercompute≥ systems.
  658.  
  659.  
  660.  
  661.  
  662.  
  663.  
  664.  
  665.  
  666.  
  667.  
  668.  
  669.  
  670.                                        11
  671.  
  672.  
  673.  
  674.         áááááASTROPHYSICS
  675.  
  676.         áááááMucΦ recen⌠ worδ ha≤ beeε donσ iε astrophysic≤ b∙ thosσ researcher≤ ì
  677.         áááááwh∩á havσá haΣá acces≤á t∩á supercompute≥á facilities«áá Fo≥á othe≥ ì
  678.         áááááastrophysicists¼á thσá need≤ fo≥ thei≥ participatioε iε researcΦ iε ì
  679.         áááááthσá excitinτ problem≤ oµ Stella≥ evolutioε d∩ exist«á Thσá dynamiπ ì
  680.         ááááárangσá oµá stud∙á i≤á ver∙á extreme¼á froφá billion≤á oµá year≤á t∩ ì
  681.         ááááámilliseconds«á InvolveΣá arσá thσ area≤á oµá magneto-hydrodynamics¼ ì
  682.         áááááradiativσá transport¼á atomiπá physics¼á transitioε froφá orde≥á t∩ ì
  683.         áááááchaos.
  684.  
  685.         áááááThσáá physic≤áá oµá supernovaσá i≤á als∩á a⌠áá thσáá forefron⌠áá oµ ì
  686.         áááááinvestigation«á Herσá again¼á largσ scalσ computinτ i≤ essentia∞ t∩ ì
  687.         ááááácopσ witΦ thσ complexitie≤ oµ shocδ hydrodynamics¼á nuclea≥ physic≤ ì
  688.         áááááanΣ genera∞ relativity.
  689.  
  690.         áááááOnσ examplσ oµ ß probleφ tha⌠ wa≤ oµ interes⌠ concerneΣ itselµ witΦ ì
  691.         áááááthσá dynamic≤ oµ galaxies«á Three-dimensiona∞á n-bod∙á integration≤ ì
  692.         áááááwerσá ruεá iε thi≤ study«á ┴ largσ numbe≥ oµ particle≤á (105⌐á movσ ì
  693.         áááááself-consistentl∙ unde≥ Newtoniaε forces« Graphiπ method≤ werσ useΣ ì
  694.         áááááfo≥á thσá outpu⌠ becausσ thi≤ wa≤ thσ onl∙ wa∙ onσ coulΣ stud∙á thσ ì
  695.         áááááresults« Thσ picture≤ oµ result≤ deriveΣ werσ comple° a≤ wel∞ a≤ oµ ì
  696.         áááááaε unexpecteΣ nature« 
  697.  
  698.              Othe≥ area≤ oµ physic≤ oµ grea⌠ importancσ anΣ interes⌠ arσ iεá thσ ì
  699.         áááááarea≤ oµ plasmß physic≤ anΣ physic≤ oµ fluids.
  700.  
  701.         áááááPLASMA PHYSICS
  702.  
  703.         áááááNumerica∞á technique≤ evolveΣ t∩ stud∙ plasma≤ arσ basicall∙ oµ tw∩ ì
  704.         ááááátypes╗á onσá oµá microscopic¼á electromagnetiπ fielΣá anΣá particlσ ì
  705.         ááááádistributioεáá function≤á fo≥á studyinτá turbulence¼áá growtΦáá anΣ ì
  706.         ááááásaturatioεá oµ stronτ plasmß instabilities¼á thσ othe≥ oµá studyinτ ì
  707.         áááááfluid≤ fo≥ macroscopiπ anΣ long-terφ  descriptioε oµ thσ plasma.
  708.  
  709.         áááááThσá forme≥á use≤á code≤ whicΦ solvσ plasmßá kinetiπá equation≤á (╖ ì
  710.         áááááindependen⌠ variables⌐ o≥ simulate≤ witΦ  PI├ method≤ u≡ t∩ 400,00░ ì
  711.         áááááindividua∞ particles«á Thσ latte≥ technique≤ arσ onl∙ no≈á evolvinτ ì
  712.         áááááanΣ wil∞ consumσ enormou≤ amount≤ oµ compute≥ time.
  713.  
  714.         áááááECONOMICS
  715.  
  716.         áááááThσá socia∞á science≤á havσ no⌠ ye⌠ obtaineΣ thei≥á fai≥á sharσá oµ ì
  717.         ááááásupercompute≥ capability«á However¼ model≤ oµ thσ worlΣ economy¼ oµ ì
  718.         ááááásuppl∙á anΣ usσ oµ basiπ minerals¼á  anΣ oµ thσ utilizatioε oµá thσ ì
  719.         áááááworld'≤ energ∙ resource≤ havσ beeε developed« 
  720.  
  721.  
  722.  
  723.  
  724.  
  725.  
  726.  
  727.  
  728.  
  729.  
  730.  
  731.                                        12
  732.  
  733.  
  734.  
  735.         áááááELECTRONICS
  736.  
  737.         áááááElectronic≤á engineer≤á havσ beeε ablσ t∩ accomplisΦ mucΦ oµá thei≥ ì
  738.         ááááábasiπ worδ usinτ minicomputers«á Now¼á however¼á compute≥ desigε a≤ ì
  739.         áááááwel∞ a≤ chi≡ desigε havσ becomσ s∩ comple° tha⌠ supercomputer≤á arσ ì
  740.         ááááábeinτá useΣá t∩á simulatσá circuits¼áá architectura∞á designs¼á anΣ ì
  741.         ááááásoftware«á A≤á timσá goe≤ on¼á thσ growinτ complexit∙ wil∞á requirσ ì
  742.         ááááálarge≥á anΣ large≥ systems«á Thσ enginee≥ caε n∩ longe≥ d∩á withou⌠ ì
  743.         áááááthσ compute≥ aideΣ desigε (CAD⌐ technique≤ beinτ developeΣ t∩á makσ ì
  744.         áááááfo≥á realistiπ turn-around-timσ iε comple°á designs«á Supercompute≥ ì
  745.         ááááásystem≤ arσ usefu∞ fo≥  modelinτ no⌠ onl∙ logiπ circui⌠ layout¼ bu⌠ ì
  746.         áááááals∩ overal∞ systeφ architecture¼ timing¼ anΣ design-rulσ checking« ì
  747.         áááááSupercompute≥á system≤ useΣ fo≥ circui⌠ desigε enablσ engineer≤á t∩ ì
  748.         ááááámodif∙ design≤ repeatedl∙ withou⌠ incurrinτ thσ expensσ oµ buildinτ ì
  749.         áááááanΣá testinτá actua∞á device≤ a⌠ eacΦ ste≡ iε thσá desigεá process«  ì
  750.         áááááSupercomputer≤áá arσáá alread∙áá beinτá useΣáá worldwidσáá b∙áá thσ ì
  751.         ááááásemiconducto≥áá industr∙á anΣá compute≥á manufacturer≤á fo≥áá thesσ ì
  752.         ááááápurposes.
  753.  
  754.         áááááSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
  755.  
  756.         áááááThσ mathematica∞ methoΣ knowε a≤ finitσ elemen⌠ analysi≤ i≤á widel∙ ì
  757.         áááááuseΣ iε thσ aerospace¼ automotive¼ mechanica∞ anΣ civi∞ engineerinτ ì
  758.         áááááindustries«áá  Engineer≤áá  usinτá thi≤á methoΣá analyzσáá physica∞ ì
  759.         ááááástructure≤á witΦ ß two- o≥ three-dimensiona∞ griΣ tha⌠ divide≤á thσ ì
  760.         ááááástructurσá int∩ ß numbe≥ oµ well-defineΣ elements«á  Thσ effect≤ oµ ì
  761.         ááááátemperature- anΣá pressure-relateΣ stres≤ arσ theεá calculateΣá fo≥ ì
  762.         áááááeacΦá element¼á a≤á wel∞á a≤á thσ effec⌠ oµá eacΦá elemen⌠á oεá it≤ ì
  763.         áááááneighbors«á  Finitσá elemen⌠á analysi≤ caε bσ useΣ t∩ describσá thσ ì
  764.         áááááoveral∞á impac⌠ oµ man∙ load≤ anΣ constraint≤ actinτ oεá ßá comple° ì
  765.         ááááástructure«  Supercompute≥ system≤ enablσ engineer≤ t∩ conduc⌠ rapiΣ ì
  766.         áááááfinitσáá elemen⌠á analyses¼áá resultinτá iεá improveΣáá engineerinτ ì
  767.         áááááefficienc∙á anΣ morσ structurall∙ sounΣ anΣ lightweigh⌠ components«  ì
  768.         áááááSupercompute≥ system≤ allo≈ fo≥ detaileΣ analyse≤ oµ structure≤ to∩ ì
  769.         ááááálargσ o≥ comple° t∩ bσ analyzeΣ oε othe≥ computers.
  770.  
  771.  
  772.         áááááIMAGE PROCESSING
  773.  
  774.         áááááEarth-imaginτ satellites¼ spacσ probes¼ anΣ medica∞ imaginτ device≤ ì
  775.         ááááágeneratσ hugσ set≤ oµ data¼á whicΦ requirσ extensivσ processinτá t∩ ì
  776.         ááááábσ useful« Thσ image≤ generateΣ b∙ thesσ technologie≤ ofteε requirσ ì
  777.         áááááenhancement≤ t∩ makσ significan⌠ feature≤ morσ visiblσ o≥ geometriπ ì
  778.         ááááácorrectioεá t∩á removσ distortion≤ imposeΣ  b∙ thσ imaginτá device« ì
  779.         áááááProcessinτá sucΦá image≤ caε bσ computationall∙á intensivσá becausσ ì
  780.         áááááthe∙ arσ madσ oµ million≤ oµ tin∙ dot≤ calleΣ picturσ elements¼á o≥ ì
  781.         ááááápixels¼á anΣá eacΦá pixe∞á caε contaiεá man∙á informationa∞á value≤ ì
  782.         ááááárelatinτá t∩á spectra∞ componen⌠ anΣá intensity«á  Processinτá sucΦ ì
  783.         ááááálargσá amount≤á oµá datß iε ß practica∞á timσá framσá require≤á thσ ì
  784.         áááááprocessinτá speeΣá oµ Supercompute≥ systems«á Fo≥á everythinτá froφ ì
  785.         áááááscanninτá thσ plane⌠ fo≥ resource≤ t∩ trackinτ dowε deadl∙á tumors¼ ì
  786.         áááááSupercompute≥á system≤á arσá idea∞á fo≥ thσá mos⌠á demandinτá imagσ ì
  787.         áááááprocessinτ applications.
  788.  
  789.  
  790.  
  791.  
  792.                                        13
  793.  
  794.  
  795.  
  796.         áááááGRAPHICS
  797.  
  798.         áááááFo≥ man∙ supercompute≥ applications¼ graphic≤ arσ needeΣ t∩ displa∙ ì
  799.         ááááámeaningfull∙á thσ largσ amount≤ oµ datß produced«á Bu⌠ graphic≤á i≤ ì
  800.         áááááitselµáá ßá uniquσá application«áá Today¼áá compute≥á graphic≤áá i≤  ì
  801.         ááááárevolutionizinτ commercia∞ animation«á Whethe≥ iε motioεá pictures¼ ì
  802.         áááááadvertisements¼á o≥á thσá lates⌠ musiπá video¼á  compute≥á graphic≤ ì
  803.         ááááátranspor⌠áá viewer≤áá t∩á entirσá world≤á madσá onl∙áá oµáá digita∞ ì
  804.         áááááinformation«á Supercompute≥á system≤á providσ thσ speeΣ anΣá memor∙ ì
  805.         áááááneedeΣ t∩ generatσ thσ mos⌠ comple° anΣ convincinτ visua∞ displays¼ ì
  806.         áááááwithou⌠á thσá cos⌠ anΣ timσ requireΣ t∩ construc⌠ set≤á anΣá props« ì
  807.         áááááSupercompute≥ system≤ havσ beeε useΣ t∩ generatσ image≤á impossiblσ ì
  808.         ááááát∩ creatσ b∙ an∙ othe≥ means.
  809.  
  810.         ááááá╙UPERCOMPUTER╙ FO╥ UNIVERSIT┘ APPLICATIONS
  811.  
  812.         áááááThσá universit∙á environmen⌠á i≤á uniquσ iε tha⌠á thσá spectruφá oµ ì
  813.         ááááásupercompute≥ application≤ i≤ ver∙ broad« 
  814.  
  815.         áááááThσ followinτ lis⌠ compileΣ b∙ ZIDE╦ Inc«á i≤ bu⌠ ß smal∞ samplσ oµ ì
  816.         ááááácurren⌠ ongoinτ researcΦ a⌠ universitie≤ tha⌠ posses≤ supercompute≥ ì
  817.         ááááácapability.
  818.  
  819.  
  820.         ááááá          Disciplinσ     ResearcΦ Areß  
  821.  
  822.         ááááá          Astronom∙ 
  823.         ááááá                    Relativistiπ Astrophysics
  824.         ááááá                    Stella≥ Evolution
  825.         ááááá                    Sta≥ Formatioε iε Magnetiπ Interstella≥áClouds
  826.         ááááá                    Datß Processinτ oµ VL┴ Observations
  827.         ááááá                    Radiatioε Hydrodynamic≤ oµ Molecula≥ Cocoons
  828.         ááááá                    Chemica∞ Astrophysics
  829.         ááááá                    Hydrodynamic≤ oµ Novß Explosions
  830.         ááááá                    Explosivσ Nucleosynthesis
  831.         ááááá                    Cosmology
  832.  
  833.         ááááá          Physics
  834.         ááááá                    Gaugσ anΣ Strinτ theories
  835.         ááááá                    Elementar∙ Particlσ Physics
  836.         ááááá                    Electroniπ Structurσ oµ Solids
  837.         ááááá                    DisordereΣ Solids
  838.         ááááá                    Man∙ Bod∙ Systems
  839.         ááááá                    Experimenta∞ Particlσ Physics
  840.         ááááá                    Light-Energ∙ Transductioε iε Biomolecules
  841.         ááááá                    Physic≤ oµ Biomolecules
  842.         ááááá                    Accretioεáá b∙á Compac⌠á Object≤á anΣáá Stella≥ ì
  843.         áááááááááááááááááááááááááDynamics
  844.         ááááá                    Nuclea≥ Structurσ anΣ Scattering
  845.  
  846.         ááááá          Chemistry
  847.         ááááá                    Largσ Moleculσ Electroniπ Structure
  848.         ááááá                    Chemica∞ Quantuφ Dynamic≤ iε CondenseΣ Phases
  849.         ááááá                    Intramolecula≥ Dynamic≤ oµ Molecules
  850.         ááááá                    Molecula≥ Theoryè
  851.  
  852.                                        14
  853.  
  854.  
  855.  
  856.  
  857.         ááááá          Meteorology
  858.         ááááá                    Globa∞ Atmospheriπ Simulation
  859.         ááááá                    Dynamic≤ oµ Seß Ice
  860.         ááááá                    Dynamic≤ oµ Convection
  861.         ááááá                    Dynamic≤ oµ Liquo≥ Drops
  862.         ááááá                    Climatσ Modeling
  863.         ááááá                    E∞ Nin∩ Modeling
  864.  
  865.         ááááá          Compute≥ Science
  866.         ááááá                    Supercompute≥ Architecture¼ Software,
  867.         ááááá                              anΣ Algorithφ Research
  868.         ááááá                    Numerica∞ Methods
  869.         ááááá                    Interactivσ Solutioε oµ Largσ System≤ oµ Linea≥ 
  870.         ááááá                    Algebraiπ Equations
  871.         ááááá                    Supercompute≥ Desigε anΣ Applications
  872.  
  873.         ááááá          Electrica∞ Engineering
  874.         ááááá                    Semiconducto≥ Multidimensiona∞ Devicσ Models
  875.         ááááá                    VLS╔ Desigε Automation
  876.         ááááá                    Simulatioε oµ Semiconducto≥ Devices
  877.         ááááá                    Circui⌠ Simulatioε anΣ Desigε Evaluation
  878.         ááááá                    Inversσ Problem≤ iε HigΦ Resolutioε Imagσ 
  879.         ááááá                    Reconstruction
  880.         ááááá                    Evaluatioε anΣ Desigε oµ Communicatioε Systems
  881.  
  882.         ááááá          Chemica∞ Engineering
  883.         ááááá                    Physic≤ oµ Turbulence
  884.         ááááá                    Chemica∞ Proces≤ Design
  885.  
  886.         ááááá          Theoretica∞ anΣ ApplieΣ Mechanics
  887.         ááááá                    Flo≈ anΣ Fracturσ oµ Structura∞ Materials
  888.         ááááá                    Comparisoε oµ SimulateΣ Turbulence
  889.         ááááá                         witΦ experiment
  890.         ááááá                    Systeφ Identification≤ anΣ Reliability
  891.  
  892.         ááááá          Nuclea≥ Engineering
  893.         ááááá                    Fusioε Plasmß Engineering
  894.  
  895.         ááááá          Mechanica∞ anΣ Industria∞ Engineering
  896.         ááááá                    Genera∞ Radiatioε Transpor⌠ Calculations
  897.         ááááá                    Modelinτ oµ Ga≤ Dynamics
  898.         ááááá                    Hydrodynamic≤ Shocδ Physics
  899.         ááááá                    3-─ Flo≈ Field≤ iε Combustioε Chambers
  900.  
  901.         ááááá          Civi∞ Engineering
  902.         ááááá                    Structura∞ Optimization
  903.         ááááá                    Structura∞ Mechanic≤ anΣ CAD/CAM
  904.         ááááá                    Groundwate≥ Contamination
  905.  
  906.         ááááá          Aeronautica∞ anΣ Astronautica∞ Engineering
  907.         ááááá                    Computationa∞ Ga≤ anΣ FluiΣ Dynamics
  908.  
  909.  
  910.  
  911.  
  912.  
  913.                                        15
  914.  
  915.  
  916.  
  917.         ááááá          Anatomica∞ Sciences
  918.         ááááá                    Biomechanic≤ oµ Cel∞ Sheets
  919.         ááááá                    Skiε Plasicit∙ anΣ Structure
  920.         ááááá                    Humaε BlooΣ Flo≈ Dynamics
  921.  
  922.         ááááá          Genetic≤ ª Development
  923.         ááááá                    Simulatioε oµ Livinτ Cells
  924.  
  925.         ááááá          Physiolog∙ ª Biophysics
  926.         ááááá                    Emergen⌠áá Oscillator∙á Propertie≤á oµáá Neura∞ ì
  927.         áááááááááááááááááááááááááNetworks
  928.  
  929.         ááááá          Accounting
  930.         ááááá               Multiplσ Timσ Serie≤ Analysis
  931.  
  932.         áááááA≤ caε bσ seeε froφ thi≤ lis⌠ alone¼ thσ use≤ fo≥ supercomputer≤ iε ì
  933.         áááááthσ scientifiπ field≤ i≤ growinτ quitσ diverse.
  934.  
  935.  
  936.  
  937.  
  938.  
  939.  
  940.  
  941.  
  942.  
  943.  
  944.  
  945.  
  946.  
  947.  
  948.  
  949.  
  950.  
  951.  
  952.  
  953.  
  954.  
  955.  
  956.  
  957.  
  958.  
  959.  
  960.  
  961.  
  962.  
  963.  
  964.  
  965.  
  966.  
  967.  
  968.  
  969.  
  970.  
  971.  
  972.  
  973.  
  974.                                        16
  975.  
  976.  
  977.  
  978.  
  979.             á  ZIDE╦á Inc«á i≤ ß newl∙ organizeΣ internationa∞ firφ tha⌠á offer≤ ì
  980.         áááááseveε basic types of Supercomputer services to its clients:
  981.  
  982.         ááááá      A« Consultinτ Services
  983.         ááááá      B« Developmen⌠ Services
  984.         ááááá      C« Contrac⌠ Service≤ 
  985.         ááááá      D« Marketinτ Services
  986.         ááááá      E« Traininτ Services
  987.         ááááá      F« Supercompute≥ Facilitie≤ Management
  988.         ááááá      G« Investo≥ Guidancσ anΣ Counseling
  989.  
  990.         ááááá      Thσ Company¼á Zideδ Inc.¼á include≤ ß stafµ anΣ associate≤ oµ ì
  991.         áááááforme≥áá supercompute≥áá vendo≥áá personne∞á anΣáá othe≥áá selecteΣ ì
  992.         áááááSupercompute≥á Expert≤á worldwidσá iεá Industry¼áá Government¼á anΣ ì
  993.         áááááAcademia.
  994.  
  995.         áááááBecausσ oµ it≤ strategiπ locatioε iεá Minneapolis¼á Minnesota¼á thσ ì
  996.         ááááá"Supercompute≥ Capita∞ oµ thσ World"¼á ZIDE╦ Inc«á ha≤ read∙ acces≤ ì
  997.         ááááát∩á anΣá frequentl∙ utilize≤ unde≥ exclusivσ contrac⌠á thσá world'≤ ì
  998.         áááááforemos⌠á expert≤ iε al∞ phase≤ oµ thσ supercompute≥ industry«á Thσ ì
  999.         ááááárangσ oµ expertisσ anΣ capabilit∙ includes¼ bu⌠ i≤ no⌠ limiteΣ to:
  1000.  
  1001.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Feasibilit∙ Studies
  1002.  
  1003.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Need≤ Analysis
  1004.  
  1005.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Requirement≤ Analysis
  1006.  
  1007.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Budge⌠ Analysis
  1008.  
  1009.         ááááá      ∩  Vendo≥ Evaluatioε and/o≥ Recommendation
  1010.  
  1011.         ááááá      ∩  Ne≈ Produc⌠ Evaluatioε anΣ Marketinτ Studies
  1012.  
  1013.         ááááá      ∩  Assessinτ ╥ ª ─ Ventures
  1014.  
  1015.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Performancσ Analysis
  1016.  
  1017.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Vendo≥ Competitivσ Analysis
  1018.  
  1019.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ RFP¼ RFQ¼ RF╘ Preparatioε Assistance
  1020.  
  1021.         ááááá      ∩  Benchmarδ Definition¼ Creation¼ anΣ Analysis
  1022.  
  1023.         ááááá      ∩  Vendo≥ Proposa∞ Analysi≤ anΣ Evaluation
  1024.  
  1025.         ááááá      ∩  System≤ Engineerinτ anΣ Integration
  1026.  
  1027.         ááááá      ∩  Internationa∞ Technolog∙ Exchangσ Issue≤ anΣ Policy
  1028.  
  1029.         ááááá      ∩  Installatioε anΣ Facilitie≤ Management
  1030.  
  1031.         ááááá      ∩  Educatioε anΣ Training
  1032. è
  1033.  
  1034.                                        17
  1035.  
  1036.  
  1037.  
  1038.         ááááá      ∩  Expor⌠ Licensinτ Assistance
  1039.  
  1040.         ááááá      ∩  Futurσ Supercompute≥ Technolog∙ Assessmen⌠ 
  1041.  
  1042.         ááááá      ∩  Large-scalσ Supercompute≥ Projec⌠ Managemen⌠ 
  1043.  
  1044.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Application≤ Development
  1045.  
  1046.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Numerica∞ Algorithφ Development
  1047.  
  1048.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Architecturσ anΣ Design
  1049.  
  1050.         ááááá      ∩  Supercompute≥ Cente≥ Service≤ Marketinτ Assistance
  1051.  
  1052.         ááááá      o  Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering
  1053.  
  1054.         ááááá ááááá∩  Investo≥ Guidancσ anΣ Consulting
  1055.  
  1056.         áááááZIDE╦ Inc«á anΣ it≤ associatσ consultant≤ havσ beeε instrumenta∞ iε ì
  1057.         áááááenablinτáá thσáá cost-effectivσáá acquisitioεáá oµáá ove≥ááá thirt∙ ì
  1058.         ááááásupercompute≥ system≤ worldwide.
  1059.  
  1060.         áááááFo≥ morσ informatioε anΣ inquirie≤ contact:
  1061.  
  1062.         ááááá      ZIDE╦ Inc.
  1063.         ááááá      1319╡ Flaming∩ Court
  1064.         ááááá      Applσ Valley¼ M╬ 55124
  1065.  
  1066.         ááááá      Telephonσ         (612⌐ 432-2835
  1067.         ááááá      Tele°             (910⌐ 576-0061
  1068.         ááááá      FA╪               (612⌐ 432-4492
  1069.  
  1070.         ááááá      PC-LI┬ BB╙  (Supercompute≥ SIG)
  1071.  
  1072.  
  1073.  
  1074.  
  1075.  
  1076.  
  1077.  
  1078.  
  1079.  
  1080.  
  1081.  
  1082.  
  1083.  
  1084.  
  1085.  
  1086.  
  1087.  
  1088.  
  1089.  
  1090.  
  1091.  
  1092.  
  1093.  
  1094.  
  1095.                                        18
  1096.